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Polyandry (polyandry) is a form of polygamy where a woman is married to more than one husband. In the case of two men, the notion is used Biandrie. The counterpart is the polygyny (polygamy).

Many anthropologists and ethnologists apply the term to societies in which the paternity of children a woman is attributed to several men simultaneously.

In some cases, the emergence of polyandrous marriages is related to the phenomenon of female infanticide (killing of female babies and abortion of female fetuses together), through which a male surplus.

Occurrence

Polyandrous societies are still in parts of India, the Himalayas (Tibet and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim), Bhutan, Congo, Northern Nigeria, in the Paviotso (North America), Marquesas, and the Da-La (in Indochina).

In the Hindu population of the western Himalaya region, according to the practice of polyandry Beremann is due to the following procedures: There is a lack of land, which is why the number of offspring must be restricted. Why are some men (brothers on) a connection with only one wife.

In polyandrous connections – as opposed to polygyny – the reproductive capacity of the connection to the capacity of women is limited and therefore capped. Thus, there is the social function of polyandry is to adapt the labor potential of the available land resources.

exist in this region polyandrous polygynous and monogamous families in addition to marriage and family forms. Polyandry is thus a marriage of several possible strategies. The same reasons are given for the Buddhist people of Tibet, Ladahks, and the north Indian regions of Spiti and Lahaul.

Forms of polyandry

Fraternal polyandry

At the Fraternal polyandry or Adelphe are several or all the brothers together husbands of a woman. The Fraternal polyandry is the most common form of polyandry still exists today.

Fraternal polyandry is in the following societies: Toda (South India), Tibet, especially Himalayan region, Ladakh, the Marquesas. The ancient historian Polybius, it also confirmed in Sparta.

Tibet is currently the largest area, is common in the polyandry. The form of marriage is related to the inheritance pattern of land ownership. When several brothers sharing the land and the same woman, the property must not be split.

A direct consequence is actually the prevailing stability for many generations in the number and size of land ownership in western Tibet.
Corporate polyandry

The corporate polyandry is a special form of fraternal polyandry, in which the social paternity is attributed collectively to all the brothers at the same time.

According H.T. Fischer is here but not a true polygamous community, but simply a plural mating Community (Polykoitie).

In the southern Indian corporate polyandry Iravas the oldest brother goes alone, although the bride’s house, in order to “capture”, he is but as a representative for a corporate group of brothers. The conjugal rights and duties are shared by the group together and without hesitation.

So there is equality between the spouses regarding the sexual access to the common wife, but also in terms of inheritance and property rights of the children.

Nonkorporative polyandry

The nonkorporative polyandry is also a special form of fraternal polyandry. This assumes each husband in turn the paternity of the “collective” fathered children. Each child of the woman thus has a single, clearly defined social father (but not necessarily the Genitor needs to be).

Nonkorporative polyandry is practiced such as the Todas in the Nilgiris of southern India. In the seventh month of pregnancy, a ceremony is held at one of the husbands is designated as the father of the expected child.

The same man is also in the following children to the father, unless the wife goes through this ceremony with another husband, and this is usually done only when it holds the previous unfit father.

Cicisbeismus

Here the woman next to her actual husband nor tolerated by this one lover, see another Cicisbeismus.
Polyandry in the animal world

Even in animals is known as polyandry, when paired in the same breeding season a female with several males, the males but only with this one female. Mate the male with several females, so we speak of promiscuity. A classic example of polyandry or polygyny is situationally adapted the Dunnock.

Source: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyandrie

See Also: idul fitri, hamper hari raya, hari raya hampers

Empathy is another word for empathy, the skill or ability you to empathize with the feelings of others. Empathy The word is derived from the Greek word ???????? (empatheia), or feeling.

General

Itself to move in others helps to understand the emotions of others and communicating with your fellow men. Without empathy you talk past each other or disagreements arise. Empathy also supports a good ‘read’ or understand verbal and nonverbal communication messages of others.

Psychology background

* Empathy and personality

Empathy is sometimes viewed as an individual skill or personality trait which is important in dealing with people. The empathy plays a key role in emotional intelligence.

* Empathy and Development

Empathy is a trait that is embedded in emotional and cognitive development of individuals. Research shows that empathy is developed around the kindergarten age. Toddlers may include other console at that young age.

Also, young children from that age to play games that they could fool anyone. These skills require that the child know what others believe, so the toddler can manipulate it.

* Do animals have empathy?

Research on great apes like chimpanzees suggests that empathic behavior occurs in animals in the form of comforting each other and recognition of facial expressions Even animal self-recognition in the mirror test is seen as a sign of empathy in animals.

* Empathy and autism

Research shows that not all people are able to feel empathy, or to perceive the emotions of others. Thus, autism and Asperger syndrome often characterized by a reduced capacity for empathy for another person.

This does not mean that these people have no feelings for others to develop. It is even common for these people develop strong feelings for others as a result of the misuse of these emotions can read.

* Empathy and behavioral disorders

A lack of empathy may be associated with the trait alexithymia. Lack of empathy would eventually be extended to people with a so-called psychopathic disorder.

They are seemingly able so to make it look as if they are aware of the emotions of others, sometimes convincingly demonstrate the care and friendship. They can use this ability to charm or manipulate, but these people lack the vital feelings of sympathy or compassion, empathy which often leads to.
Empathy theory and simulation

Empathy is the ability of others to move. Simulation theory is based on the assumption that merely observing behavior and example, the emotional expressions of others, the same mechanisms in the brains activate used to their own behavior and emotions to produce.

According to this theory is the capacity in others So to move a result of perceptions of others’ behavior rather than a specific empathic ability. The discovery of mirror neurons in the brains can be seen as a confirmation of the simulation theory. Supporters of the simulation theory believe that this can also be used for phenomena that are explained by theory of mind.

Source: http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathie

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